https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview <p>Pittsburgh Tax Review publishes twice yearly and highlights articles by professors and practitioners in the field of taxation, as well as student notes and articles that exhibit exemplary insight into the field of taxation.</p> <p><a href="http://www.law.pitt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Pittsburgh School of Law</a></p> University Library System, University of Pittsburgh en-US Pittsburgh Tax Review 1932-1821 <br /><strong>Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: </strong><br /><br /><ol><ol><li>The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.<br /><br /></li><li>Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.<br /><br /></li><li>The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons 4.0 License (Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works)</a>, or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><li>Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;</li><li>Noncommercial—other users (including Publisher) may not use this Work for commercial purposes;</li><li>No Derivative Works—other users (including Publisher) may not alter, transform, or build upon this Work,with the understanding that any of the above conditions can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. <br /><br /></li></ol></li><li>The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.<br /><br /></li><li>Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication <em>manuscript</em> (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.<br /><br /></li><li>Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.<br /><br /></li><li>The Author represents and warrants that:<br /><br /></li><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha; padding-left: 40px;"><li>the Work is the Author’s original work;</li><li>the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;</li><li>the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;</li><li>the Work has not previously been published;</li><li>the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and</li><li>the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.<br /> </li></ol><li>The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.</li></ol></ol> https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/239 <div class="page" title="Page 1"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>The use of the incorrect spelling of Sarah Lora’s name “Sara” versus the correct spelling “Sarah” appeared three times throughout the article. Changes have been made to replace “Sara” with “Sarah” in three instances. The original article can be found via the DOI <a href="https://doi.org/10.5195/taxreview.2024.232">https://doi.org/10.5195/taxreview.2024.232</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <p> </p> Jordan M. Fields Copyright (c) 2024 Jordan M. Fields https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-08-12 2024-08-12 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.239 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/232 <p>This is a correction to the original article. For information about the changes made, please see the erratum <a href="https://doi.org/10.5195/taxreview.2024.239">https://doi.org/10.5195/taxreview.2024.239. </a></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> Francine J. Lipman Copyright (c) 2024 Francine J. Lipman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-08-12 2024-08-12 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.232 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/234 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Jackie Vimo Copyright (c) 2024 Jackie Vimo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-07-09 2024-07-09 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.234 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/233 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Gaby Pacheco Copyright (c) 2024 Gaby Pacheco https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-07-09 2024-07-09 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.233 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/235 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Sarah Lora Copyright (c) 2024 Sarah Lora https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-07-09 2024-07-09 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.235 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/231 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Marco Guzman Emma Sifre Copyright (c) 2024 Marco Guzman, Emma Sifre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-07-09 2024-07-09 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.231 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/236 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Aravind Boddupalli Luisa Godinez-Puig Copyright (c) 2024 Aravind Boddupalli, Luisa Godinez-Puig https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-07-09 2024-07-09 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.236 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/230 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Jordan M. Fields Copyright (c) 2024 Jordan M. Fields https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-07-09 2024-07-09 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.230 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/237 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Jordan M. Fields Copyright (c) 2024 Jordan M. Fields https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-07-09 2024-07-09 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.237 https://taxreview.law.pitt.edu/ojs/taxreview/article/view/238 <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Luke S. Kastenhuber Copyright (c) 2024 Luke S. Kastenhuber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ 2024-07-09 2024-07-09 21 2 10.5195/taxreview.2024.238